Physalia physalis (Linnaeus, 1758)
AphiaID: 135479
Biota (Superdominio) > Animalia (Reino) > Cnidaria (Filo) > Hydrozoa (Classe) > Hydroidolina (Subclasse) > Siphonophorae (Ordem) > Cystonectae (Subordem) > Physaliidae (Familia) > Physalia (Genero)
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Validado por: Vasco Ferreira
Validado por: Vasco Ferreira
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Descrição
Hidrozoário colonial flutuante, constituído por vários organismos diferentes e especializados, designados pólipos. Destaca-se o pneumatóforo, uma vesícula inflada em forma de crista (pode atingir os 30 cm), de tonalidades azuladas, rosadas ou violetas, utilizada na flutuação. Preso à base dessa estrutura surge o estolónio (que pode ir dos 30 cm a vários metros de comprimento), composto por diversos tipos de pólipos, nomeadamente: os dactilozoóides, filamentos tentaculiformes contrácteis, cobertos de células urticantes, designadas cnidócitos (responsáveis pela predação); os gastrozoóides (responsáveis pela digestão); e os gonozoóides (responsáveis pela reprodução).
Distribuição geográfica
Distribui-se pelos oceanos Atlântico, Pacífico e Índico, sendo mais frequente nas águas quentes das regiões tropicais e sub-tropicais. Ocorre no mar português (arquipélago dos Açores incluído), assim como na zona costeira de Portugal continental de modo ocasional.
Habitat
Oceânico, nas zonas epipelágicas e costeiras. Vive à superfície, em mar aberto, utilizando as correntes, as marés e o vento para se deslocar, podendo surgir na linha de costa, em praias ou baías.
Estatuto de Conservação
Sinónimos
Água-viva;
Alforreca;
Medusa
Arethusa caravella Oken, 1815
Holothuria velificans Osbeck, 1765
Medusa utriculus Gmelin, 1788
Physalia australis Péron, 1807
Physalia gigantea Bory de St Vincent, 1894
Physalia glauca Tilesius, 1810
Physalia megalista Lesueur & Petit
Physalia pelagica Lamarck, 1801
Physalia pelasgica Bosc, 1802
Physalia utriculus (Gmelin, 1788)
Physalis afer Tilesius, 1810
Physalis arethusa Tilesius, 1810
Physalis cornuta Tilesius, 1810
Physalis elongata Lamarck, 1816
Physalis glauca Tilesius, 1810
Physalis lamartinieri Tilesius, 1810
Physalis megalista Lamarck, 1816
Physalis osbeckii Tilesius, 1810
Physalis pelagica Tilesius, 1810
Physalis pelagica Lamarck, 1816
Physalis tuberculosa Lamarck, 1816
Physsophora physalis Modeer, 1789
Informação Adicional
Pesquise mais sobre Physalia physalis > World Register of Marine Species (WoRMS)
~ Marine Life Information Network (MarLIN) ~ Encyclopedia of Life (EOL) ~ Wikipédia
Referências Internacionais
original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp., available online at https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 [details]
additional source Calder, D. 2003 MS. Checklist of Hydroids, hydromedusae and siphonophores reported from the Bay of Fundy. [details]
additional source Linkletter, L. E. (1977). A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68: p. [details]
additional source Pollock, L.W. (1998). A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London. 367 pp., available online at http://books.google.com/books?id=i1AmT31cuR4C [details]
additional source Pugh, P. R. & Gasca, R. (2009). Siphonophorae (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 395–402. In: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source Liu J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. [details]
additional source Cairns, S.D.; Gershwin, L.; Brook, F.J.; Pugh, P.; Dawson, E.W.; Ocaña O.V.; Vervoort, W.; Williams, G.; Watson, J.E.; Opresko, D.M.; Schuchert, P.; Hine, P.M.; Gordon, D.P.; Campbell, H.J.; Wright, A.J.; Sánchez, J.A.; Fautin, D.G. (2009). Phylum Cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 59-101., available online at http://si-pddr.si.edu/handle/10088/8431 [details]
redescription Totton, A. K. (1960). Studies on Physalia physalis (L.). Part 1. Natural History and morphology. Discovery Reports. 30: 301-368. [details]
context source (RAS) Australian Antarctic Data Centre. , available online at https://data.aad.gov.au/aadc/biodiversity/ [details]
additional source Pollock, L.W. (1998). A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London. 367 pp., available online at http://books.google.com/books?id=i1AmT31cuR4C [details]
additional source Pugh, P. R. & Gasca, R. (2009). Siphonophorae (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 395–402. In: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source Pollock, L.W. (1998). A practical guide to the marine animals of northeastern North America. Rutgers University Press. New Brunswick, New Jersey & London. 367 pp., available online at http://books.google.com/books?id=i1AmT31cuR4C [details]
additional source Pugh, P. R. & Gasca, R. (2009). Siphonophorae (Cnidaria) of the Gulf of Mexico. Pp. 395–402. In: Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source Calder, D. (2003). Checklist of Hydroids, hydromedusae and siphonophores reported from the Bay of Fundy. [details]
original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. , available online at https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 [details]
additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. [details]
ecology source Kirkpatrick, P.A.; Pugh, P.R. (1984). Siphonophores and velellids: keys and notes for the identification of the species. Synopses of the British fauna (new series), 29. E.J. Brill/W. Backhuys: London, UK. ISBN 90-04-07470-8. vi, 154 pp. [details]
context source (Bermuda) Totton, A. K. (1936). Plankton of the Bermuda Oceanographic ExpeditionsVII. Siphonophora taken during the year 1931. Zoologica, 21: 231-240 [details]
source of synonymy Pugh, P. R. (2019). Two new species of Bargmannia (Pyrostephidae, Physonectae, Siphonophorae). Zootaxa. 4686(1): 74-82., available online at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4686.1.3 [details]
biology source Munro, C.; Vue, Z.; Behringer, R. R.; Dunn, C. W. (2019). Morphology and development of the Portuguese man of war, Physalia physalis. Scientific Reports. 9(1)., available online at https://doi.org/10.1038/s41598-019-51842-1 [details]
source of synonymy Pugh, P. R. (2019a). A history of the sub-order Cystonectae (Hydrozoa: Siphonophorae). Zootaxa. 4669(1): 1-91., available online at https://doi.org/10.11646/zootaxa.4669.1.1 [details]
context source (Hexacorallia) Fautin, Daphne G. (2013). Hexacorallians of the World. [details]
additional source Cairns, S.D., L. Gershwin, F.J. Brook, P. Pugh, E.W. Dawson, O.V.; Ocaña, W. Vervoort, G. Williams, J.E. Watson, D.M. Opresko, P. Schuchert, P.M. Hine, D.P. Gordon, H.I. Campbell, A.J. Wright, J.A.Sánchez & D.G. Fautin. (2009). Phylum Cnidaria: corals, medusae, hydroids, myxozoans. in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 59-101., available online at https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/8431 [details]
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