Sterna hirundo Linnaeus, 1758
AphiaID: 137162
Biota (Superdominio) > Animalia (Reino) > Chordata (Filo) > Vertebrata (Subfilo) > Gnathostomata (Infrafilo) > Tetrapoda (Megaclasse) > Reptilia (Superclasse) > Aves (Classe) > Charadriiformes (Ordem) > Laridae (Familia) > Sterna (Genero)
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Validado por: Jorge Araújo da Silva
Validado por: Jorge Araújo da Silva
Validado por: Jorge Araújo da Silva
Validado por: Jorge Araújo da Silva
Validado por: Jorge Araújo da Silva
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Descrição
O seu comprimento varia entre 31 e 35 cm e 77 a 98 cm de envergadura;
Apresenta cor cinza-esbranquiçado no dorso, peito e barriga brancos, cabeça preta e bico vermelho (durante a época reprodutiva);
Durante o inverno o bico é preto;
A cauda é bifurcada e as penas da cauda são mais alongadas que as da maioria das andorinhas;
As asas são pontiagudas.
Distribuição geográfica
Espécie com distribuição muito alargada. A sua área de nidificação é continua desde o noroeste europeu, através da Eurásia até à Península de Kamchatka.
Espécie frequente como migradora de passagem em Portugal Continental e rara como nidificante, nos Açores e na Madeira é comum como nidificante.
Habitat
Habitat: espécie costeira, mas nidifica frequentemente ao longo de rios e em zonas húmidas no interior. Em Portugal continental nidifica em salinas e pisciculturas.
Alimentação: Alimenta-se sobretudo de pequenos peixes, mas também de crustáceos e insetos.
Reprodução: a sua época de nidificação decorre entre abril e agosto. O ninho é uma depressão escavada, no meio de pedras ou na areia, onde são colocados entre 1 a 3 ovos.
Características identificativas
O seu comprimento varia entre 31 e 35 cm e 77 a 98 cm de envergadura;
Apresenta cor cinza-esbranquiçado no dorso, peito e barriga brancos, cabeça preta e bico vermelho (durante a época reprodutiva);
A cauda é bifurcada;
As asas são pontiagudas.
Facilmente confundível com:
Estatuto de Conservação
Sinónimos
Gaivina, Garajau (Madeira e Açores)
Sterna fluviatilis Naumann, 1839
Informação Adicional
Pesquise mais sobre > ~ ICNF ~NaturlinK ~Atlas aves marinhas
Referências Internacionais
Sepe, K. 2002. “Sterna hirundo” (On-line), Animal Diversity Web. Accessed November 30, 2018 at https://animaldiversity.org/accounts/Sterna_hirundo/
BirdLife International. 2018. Sterna hirundo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2018: e.T22694623A132562687. http://dx.doi.org/10.2305/IUCN.UK.2018 2.RLTS.T22694623A132562687.en
original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. ii, 824 pp., available online at https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 [details]
additional source Cattrijsse, A.; Vincx, M. (2001). Biodiversity of the benthos and the avifauna of the Belgian coastal waters: summary of data collected between 1970 and 1998. Sustainable Management of the North Sea. Federal Office for Scientific, Technical and Cultural Affairs: Brussel, Belgium. 48 pp. [details]
basis of record van der Land, J. (2001). Tetrapoda, in: Costello, M.J. et al. (Ed.) (2001). European register of marine species: a check-list of the marine species in Europe and a bibliography of guides to their identification. Collection Patrimoines Naturels, 50: pp. 375-376 [details]
additional source Banks, R.C., R.W. McDiarmid, and A.L. Gardner. 1987. Checklist of vertebrates of the United States, the U.S. Territories, and Canada. U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service Resource Publication No. 166. 79 p. [details]
additional source Robbins, C. S. (1983). Golden field Guide to Birds of North America. Golden press. 360p. [details]
additional source Grand Manan Whale and Seabird Research Station., available online at http://www.gmwsrs.org/main.htm [details]
additional source Dyntaxa. (2013). Swedish Taxonomic Database. Accessed at www.dyntaxa.se [15-01-2013]., available online at http://www.dyntaxa.se [details]
additional source Muller, Y. (2004). Faune et flore du littoral du Nord, du Pas-de-Calais et de la Belgique: inventaire. [Coastal fauna and flora of the Nord, Pas-de-Calais and Belgium: inventory]. Commission Régionale de Biologie Région Nord Pas-de-Calais: France. 307 pp., available online at http://www.vliz.be/imisdocs/publications/145561.pdf [details]
additional source Urban, E.K., C.H. Fry & S. Keith (1986). The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press, London. [details]
additional source Squires, H.J. 1990. Decapod Crustacea of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences 221. 532 p. [details]
additional source Vanner, M. 2003. The encyclopedia of North American birds. Paragon Publishing. Bath. 383 p. [details]
additional source Peterson, R.T. and V.M. Peterson. 2002. A field guide to the birds of eastern and central North America. Fifth Edition. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York. 427 p. [details]
additional source Linkletter, L. E. (1977). A checklist of marine fauna and flora of the Bay of Fundy. Huntsman Marine Laboratory, St. Andrews, N.B. 68: p. [details]
additional source King, C.M.; Roberts, C.D.; Bell, B.D.; Fordyce, R.E.; Nicoll, R.S.; Worthy, T.H.; Paulin, C.D.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Keyes, I.W.; Baker, A.N.; Stewart, A.L.; Hiller, N.; McDowall, R.M.; Holdaway, R.N.; McPhee, R.P.; Schwarzhans, W.W.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Rust, S.; Macadie, I. (2009). Phylum Chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals, in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 431-554. [details]
additional source Gallardo, J. C., V. Macías, and E. Velarde. 2009. Birds (Vertebrata: Aves) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1321–1342 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source Liu J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. [details]
context source (HKRMS) Hong Kong Offshore Wind Farm in SoutheasternWaters. EIA report. [details]
context source (Schelde) Maris, T.; Beauchard, O.; Van Damme, S.; Van den Bergh, E.; Wijnhoven, S.; Meire, P. (2013). Referentiematrices en Ecotoopoppervlaktes Annex bij de Evaluatiemethodiek Schelde-estuarium Studie naar “Ecotoopoppervlaktes en intactness index”. Monitor Taskforce Publication Series, 2013-01. NIOZ: Yerseke. 35 pp. [details]
additional source Peterson, R.T.; Peterson, V.M. (2002). A field guide to the birds of eastern and central North America. Fifth Edition. Peterson Field Guide Series. Houghton Mifflin Company. New York. 427 p. [details]
additional source Urban, E.K., C.H. Fry & S. Keith (1986). The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press, London. [details]
additional source Gallardo, J. C., V. Macías, and E. Velarde. 2009. Birds (Vertebrata: Aves) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1321–1342 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source Urban, E.K., C.H. Fry & S. Keith (1986). The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press, London. [details]
additional source Gallardo, J. C., V. Macías, and E. Velarde. 2009. Birds (Vertebrata: Aves) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1321–1342 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
additional source Squires, H. J. (1990). Decapod Crustacea of the Atlantic coast of Canada. Canadian Bulletin of Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences. 221: 532 p., available online at http://www.dfo-mpo.gc.ca/library/116743.pdf [details]
additional source Urban, E.K., C.H. Fry & S. Keith (1986). The Birds of Africa, Volume II. Academic Press, London. [details]
additional source Gallardo, J. C., V. Macías, and E. Velarde. 2009. Birds (Vertebrata: Aves) of the Gulf of Mexico, Pp. 1321–1342 in Felder, D.L. and D.K. Camp (eds.), Gulf of Mexico–Origins, Waters, and Biota. Biodiversity. Texas A&M Press, College Station, Texas. [details]
context source (BeRMS 2020) Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO). European Seabirds at Sea – data collected by the Research Institute for Nature and Forest (INBO). INBO Seabird distribution data (all trips). [details]
additional source Vanner, M. (2003). The encyclopedia of North American birds. Paragon Publishing. 1-383. [details]
original description Linnaeus, C. (1758). Systema Naturae per regna tria naturae, secundum classes, ordines, genera, species, cum characteribus, differentiis, synonymis, locis. Editio decima, reformata [10th revised edition], vol. 1: 824 pp. Laurentius Salvius: Holmiae. , available online at https://doi.org/10.5962/bhl.title.542 [details]
additional source Liu, J.Y. [Ruiyu] (ed.). (2008). Checklist of marine biota of China seas. China Science Press. 1267 pp. [details]
additional source King, C.M.; Roberts, C.D.; Bell, B.D.; Fordyce, R.E.; Nicoll, R.S.; Worthy, T.H.; Paulin, C.D.; Hitchmough, R.A.; Keyes, I.W.; Baker, A.N.; Stewart, A.L.; Hiller, N.; McDowall, R.M.; Holdaway, R.N.; McPhee, R.P.; Schwarzhans, W.W.; Tennyson, A.J.D.; Rust, S.; Macadie, I. (2009). Phylum Chordata: lancelets, fishes, amphibians, reptiles, birds, mammals. in: Gordon, D.P. (Ed.) (2009). New Zealand inventory of biodiversity: 1. Kingdom Animalia: Radiata, Lophotrochozoa, Deuterostomia. pp. 431-554. [details]
context source (Bermuda) Nisbet, I. C.; Wingate, D. B.; Szczys, P. (2010). Demographic consequences of a catastrophic event in the isolated population of Common Terns at Bermuda. Waterbirds, 33(3): 405-410 [details]
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